GLOSSARY FOR THE BRYOZOA

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W-Z]

acanthopore

See style

acanthostyle

In cryptostomes, a type of stylet with a core which is a well-defined smooth rod of non-laminated calcite. Sheath lamellae usually strongly directed toward colony surface, sheath lamellar bundle wide. Transitional to paurostyle, but usually larger. (Blake 1983)

acleithral ooecium

An ooecium which is not closed by the operculum of the maternal zooid. (After Hayward & Ryland, 1979)

adeoniform

A colony form of erect bilaminar branches, as in Adeonellopsis (not normal in Adeona).
Figures: Adeonellopsis

adnate

Encrusting, closely cemented to the substrate (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).

adventitious avicularium

An avicularium derived from one or more marginal frontal septular pores and positioned on the surface of a zooid (See interzooidal avicularium)

aktinotostyle

In cryptostomes, a type of stylet with a core formed by a broad band of arched lamellae that are medially arched toward colony surface, laterally deflected to form spines. Contains scattered non-laminated granules, and rarely a continuous non-laminated rod in the core. (Blake 1983)

alveoli

Apparent interzooidal spaces between the autozooecia in rectangulate cyclostomes which are enclosed by interior wall calcification (Pitt & Taylor, 1991). Figure: Disporella.

ancestrula, ancestrular zooid

The initial zooid of the colony, formed by metamorphosis of a larva, or by a binary complex of a feeding zooid and a rhizoid. In some groups, the ancestrular zooids may be twinned, triple, or even a group of six. Figure: Helixotionella.

annulus

The thickened edge of the intercalary cuticle where it is perforated by a lateral septular pore. (Banta 1969)

anter

Part of the orifice distal to the condyles in ascophoran Cheilostomata. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979) (Cf poster ). The distinction of the anter as referring the distal part of the operculum is no longer used.

apertural bar

Fused pair of costae immediately proximal to the orifice in cribrimorph cheilostomes. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979)
Figures: Corbulipora,

aperture

In stenolaemates, terminal skeletal opening of the autozooid. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)
In ascophorans, an opening in the frontal wall not necessarily coterminous with the orifice. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979) (used rarely)

area

Space occupied by the frontal membrane, in life, in the anascan cheilostomes. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). Compare opesia.

areola

In ascophoran cheilostomatates, a marginal opening in the frontal calcification leading to an areolar pore.

areolar pore

Marginal pore in the frontal wall of some Cheilostomata (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). This is a communication pore between the coelomic tissue on the basal side of the calcified wall (perigastric coelom) and the hypostegal coelomic tissue on the frontal side of the wall. Often called a marginal septular pore (or septula/um).
Figures: Pleurocodonellina, Parkermavella, Bulbipora,

ascophoran

Cheilostomate in which autozooids have hydrostatic system including ascus beneath continuous protective frontal shield developed as cryptocyst, gymnocyst, or umbonuloid shield (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

ascopore

Median frontal pore which serves as the inlet to the ascus in some ascophoran Cheilostomata (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). An ascopore is prximal to the operculum. Compare spiramen.
Figures: Calloporina, Calwellia,

ascus

Exterior-walled, flexible-floored sac beneath frontal shield of autozooid in ascophoran cheilostomes; encloses water-filled chamber opening at or near orifice to function in hydrostatic system; derived by infolding of part of frontal wall beneath gymnocyst or cryptocyst, or by overarching of frontal wall by umbonuloid shield and associated structures (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983). (Syn. compensation space)

astogenetic change

The progressive elaboration of zooidal morphology from the ancestrula through the first few generations of autozooids budded from it (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

astogeny

Course of development of sequence of asexual generations of zooids and any extrazooidal parts which together form colony (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).
The process of colony growth by budding, from the initial settlement of the larva.

atrial sphincter

In ctenostomes; muscle sealing the proximal end of the atrium immediately below the collar, in a retracted zooid (Hayward, 1985). In stenolaemates, the muscle marks the lower limit of the vestibule and the upper limit of the atrium.

atrium

In ctenostomes; space between the tips of the tentacles and the orifice, in a retracted zooid (Hayward, 1985).
In stenolaemates, space between tips of the tentacles (when withdrawn) and the orifice of the autozooid, sealed distally and proximally by sphincter muscles (Hayward & Ryland, 1985; but see Boardman, 1998).

autozooecium

The skeleton of an autozooid (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).

autozooid

Feeding zooid in Bryozoa (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
(a) Zooid having at some stages of ontogeny protrusible lophophore, with or without feeding ability (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).
(b) Usual, common zooid containing feeding organs in colony; capable of carrying out all life functions in monomorphic colony (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

avicularium

Specialised zooid in the Cheilostomata with reduced polypide but strong muscles which operate a modified operculum (mandible). (after Ryland & Hayward, 1977)
Some types of avicularia include adventitious, interzooidal, pedunculate, vicarious.
Figures: Hiantopora, Smittina, Porina, Celleporaria, Opaeophora,

 

bar, pivotal bar

Calcified hinge for the articulation of the avicularian mandible.

basal

Underside of an encrusting or freely growing colony (Ryland & Hayward, 1977). The basal wall of a zooid is opposite to the frontal wall.

bifurcation type

In "cellularine" cheilostomes (mainly bugulids and candids), a number of different arrangements leading to a branch bifurcation were described by Harmer (1923). These notes are available: Harmer, S.F., 1923. - On Cellularine and other Polyzoa. Extracted notes on bifurcation types.

biglobulus

In catenicellid cheilostomes, an internode consisting of two autozooids (Harmer, 1957).

brood chamber

Any chamber for the brooding of larvae; includes cyclostome gynozooids and so-called zoarial brood chambers, and cheilostome ovicells (Pitt & Taylor, 1991). (In the definition of Boardman & Cheetham (1983), the brood chamber in gymnolaemates is 'topologically outside the body cavity of the colony', excluding zooidal brooding in genera such as Adeonellopsis or Lunularia)

brown body

Coloured spheroid in bryozoan zooid resulting from aggregation of non-histolysable residue of a degenerated polypide (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).

 

cancellus (pl. cancelli)

In lichenoporid cyclostomes, a calcified tube, which may be a kenozooid or extrazooidal. The autozooids are enclosed by a large number of cancelli at the surface of the colony. Small spines, often with hooks, are present on the interior of the cancellus wall. Secondary calcification may form horizontal laminae closing the cancelli.
Figures: Disporella,
In conescharellinid cheilostomes, cancelli are kenozooids derived from marginal septular pores on the antapical surface of the colony. These only develop fully in a mature colony.

cardella(or cardelle)

See condyle

cauda

Thread-like proximal portion of a club-like autozooid (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).
Figures: Hippothoa,

chamber

In catenicellid cheilostomes, the kenozooids or avicularia making up the lateral process (after Harmer, 1957). Syn. compartment. The three named types are: suprascapular, scapular, infrascapular.

ciliated groove

The groove on the lower surface of a larva which enables it to grip the substratum when settling (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

cleithral ooecium

One closed by the operculum of the parent or maternal zooid (after Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
Figures: Antarctothoa,

coelomopore

A pore in the body wall connecting the coelom with the exterior. Applied specifically to the pore through which ova are extruded, at the base of the most distal pair of tentacles (syn. supraneural pore) (after Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

collar

Stiffened membrane, often setose, encircling the base of the expanded lophophore in ctenostome zooids (Hayward, 1985).

colony

A bryozoan clonal structure composed of all units budded asexually from one larva.

colony form

General shape and habit of a bryozoan colony. A variety of names have been coined from generic names for the most common forms. Examples include adeoniform, membraniporiform, lunulitiform, celleporiform, cellariform, flustriform, eschariform, reteporiform, petraliform, vinculariform, catenicelliform, crisiiform, tubuliporiform, idmoneiform, lichenoporiform. See Stach, 1936.

communication pore

Opening in interzooidal wall (Ryland & Hayward, 1979). In stenolaemates, communication between zooids is direct; in gymnolaemates, the pore is plugged with a cluster of specialised cells connecting the funicular system of the adjacent zooids. Several pores may be grouped in a pore plate, or connect with a dietella. See also septulum, rosette plate.

compensation space

See ascus. (Also compensation sac, compensatrix).

compartment

See chamber.

condyle

One of a pair of oppositely placed protuberances on which the operculum pivots in some ascophoran cheilostomes (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). One view is that the condyles are situated beneath the operculum; whereas some similar features located above the operculum are extraopercular teeth (or lateral denticles - Tilbrook & Cook 2004). Cardellae or marginal denticles are other partial synonyms.
Figures: Emballotheca, Hippoporina, Characodoma,

cormidial orifice

In cheilostomes, skeletal support for zooidal orifice which is the joint product of more than one zooid.
Figures: Quadriscutella .

costa

One of the modified spines overarching the frontal membrane in cribrimorph cheilostomes; usually united with the neighbouring costae to form a frontal (costate) shield (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
Figures: Corbulipora,

costate shield (=costal shield)

The frontal wall in cribrimorph cheilostomes; formed from series of fused spines, or costae (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). Some other families of cheilostomes have reduced costal shields.
Figures: Corbulipora, Diagram by Lang

cribriomorph

The group of cheilostomes, or the type of frontal shield, in which the calcified frontal wall includes a series of fused (or partly fused) spines arching over the frontal membrane and operculum. The diagram by Lang includes terms used for some of the parts of a cribriomorph frontal, but several of these terms are obsolete.
Figures: Corbulipora,

cryptocyst

In some anascan cheilostomes, more or less horizontal calcareous lamina on the basal side of the frontal membrane, developed from the vertical walls of the zooid but not completely dividing its body cavity (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
Figures: Selenaria, Caleschara, Steginoporella, Opaeophora,
However, the term is applied to the frontal shield in those ascophoran cheilostomes where the frontal shield is formed by calcification of an interior wall beneath (basal to) the hypostegal coelom, and over the ascus (i.e., not an umbonuloid wall).

cryptocystidean

In ascophoran cheilostomes, the development of a frontal wall as an interior partition below a hypostegal coelom (after Hayward & Ryland, 1979). See lepralioid . The term also includes anascans with a frontal cryptocyst formed by calcification of an internal partition.
Figures: Emballotheca, Schizoporella,

cuticle

Noncellular organic outer layer of body wall secreted by columnar epithelium of bud; composed of mucopolysaccharides in glycoproteinic frame, hardened by a tanning process (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983). (Not "chitinous")

cyclozooecium

In some fenestrid stenolaemates, a small hemispherical polymorph of unknown function, normally located at branch junctions, opening on the basal surface.

cyphonautes

Pelagic bivalved larva of some bryozoans (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

cystid

Cellular plus skeletal layers of the body wall (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

cystiphragm

In stenolaemates, lateral skeletal partition extending from zooecial wall into chamber and curved inward to form cyst or collar that extends partly or entirely around zooidal chamber (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

 

daughter zooecium

In catenicellid cheilostomes, the distal member(s) of a biglobulus (or triglobulus) (after Harmer, 1957) (Not related to reproduction!).

dependent ooecium

One which develops resting on the distal zooid (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).
Figures: Cyclicopora, Lacerna,

diaphragm

In stenolaemates, membranous or skeletal partition that extends transversely across entire zooidal chamber (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

dietella

In cheilostomes, small chamber on the base of a vertical wall between two zooids, with communication pores extending to the adjoining zooids. Some may have uncalcified windows in the frontal wall.

dilator muscles

In cyclostomes, longitudinal muscles at the distal end of the autozooid which contract to depress the terminal membrane, and thus open the orifice of the zooid (Hayward & Ryland, 1985).

dissepiment

Crossbar connecting branches in a fenestrate colony; generally lacking zooidal apertures.

distal

Pertaining to the side away from the ancestrula or origin of growth (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).

divaricator muscles

Muscles employed in opening the operculum. (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)

double-walled

See free-walled colony.

 

ectooecium

Outer, generally calcified layer of ooecial wall, (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)

eleozooid

In 'melicerititid' cyclostomes (Family Eleidae), a zooid polymorph analogous to avicularia in cheilostomes. Three types of eleozooids are termed rostrozooids, trifoliozooids and demizooids. A colony often has more than one type of eleozooid, which may be smaller or larger than the autozooids (See Taylor 1994).

endooecium

Inner, often membranous layer of ooecial wall (= entooecium). (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)

endotoichal ooecium

One which appears immersed in the distal zooid, while opening independently to the exterior. (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)
Figures: Melicerita,

endozone

The inner zone of a massive or erect stenolaemate colony, composed of the thin-walled proximal parts of the zooecia typically oriented subparallel to the branch growth direction (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).

endozooidal ooecium

One which appears immersed in the distal zooid, while opening below the operculum of the parent zooid (syn entozooecial oecium). (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)
Figures: Hincksinoflustra,

entooecium

Inner, often membranous layer of ooecial wall (= endooecium). (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)

entosaccal cavity

In stenolaemates, that part of the zooidal body cavity within membranous sac (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

epistege

In Cribrilinidae (and some umbonuloids), the space between the frontal membrane and the overlying frontal shield (syn. epistegal space). (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)

epitheca

The cuticular exterior layer of the frontal wall in cheilostomes.

exilazooecium

In stenolaemates, generally small polymorph originating in outer endozone or exozone between feeding zooids with few or no basal diaphragms so that living chamber space is available for possible organs (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

exosaccal cavity

In stenolaemates, that part of the zooidal body cavity within membranous sac (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

exozone

The outer zone of a massive or erect stenolaemate colony, composed of the thick-walled distal parts of the zooecia typically oriented subperpendicular to the branch growth direction (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).

exterior wall

The outer body wall of the autozooid, including the cuticle and adjacent epithelium and calcified structures. (Hayward & Ryland, 1985)
Body wall that extends body of zooid and of colony; includes outermost cuticular or gelatinous layer. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

extrazooidal

Structures arising from, or shared by, more than a single zooid (Ryland & Hayward, 1979). In phylactolaemates, the exterior colony wall and adjacent body cavity within which the zooidal polypides are contained. In cheilostomes, extrazooidal calcification may form an important part of the supportive structure of a colony.

 

fascicle

A bundle of autozooecial apertures (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).
Figures: Liripora,

fenestra

In cheilostomate ovicells, an uncalcified area in the ectooecium through which the endooecium is displayed (after Ryland & Hayward, 1977) (Cf. tabula). Also used for an uncalcified opening in the frontal wall with direct communication from the external environment to the space between the calcified frontal wall and the frontal membrane. In earlier papers, fenestra may be used in the sense of fenestrula. Compare window.

fenestrate

A colony which is composed of a net-like or lacey framework of skeletal calcification, as in Fenestella or in many phidoloporid cheilostomes (syn.: reticulate).
Figures: Triphyllozoon, Hornera foliacea,

fenestrula

Open space in reticulate colony (eg. in Reteporella , Fenestella) (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).
Figures: Triphyllozoon,

fixed-wall colony

In stenolaemates, colony that in which orificial walls of feeding zooids are fixed directly to apertures so that confluent outer body cavities are eliminated (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).
Figures: Tubulipora, Plagioecia,

floatoblast

Statoblast with peripheral pneumatic annulus, having or lacking marginal hooks (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

foramen

In cheilostomes, an uncalcified opening in the frontal wall with direct communication from the external environment to the space between the calcified frontal wall and the frontal membrane. Compare window.

free-walled colony

In stenolaemates, colony that is loosely covered by membranous exterior walls, not attached at apertures of feeding zooids, so that there is an outer confluent body cavity connecting the zooids (after Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).
Figures: Densipora, Disporella,

frontal

Pertaining to the exposed or orifice-bearing side of a zooid or colony (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).

frontal budding

In gymnolaemates, budding of zooids from frontal wall (or associated structure) to produce autozoozooids in some multilaminate or free-living colonies; or to produce adventitious polymorphs in many kinds of colonies (Modified after Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

frontal membrane

Uncalcified part of frontal body wall in Cheilostomata; may be exposed or covered by spines (in anascans) or a frontal shield (in some ascophorans) (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

frontal shield

The calcified frontal surface of ascophoran zooids, not necessarily homologous in all groups; coextensive with the outer body wall; formed as a partition below it, from the fusion of overarched spines or by the calcification of a proximally-derived fold (Ryland & Hayward, 1979). There are four principal types of frontal shield: cribriomorph, gymnocystidean, umbonuloid, and cryptocystidean (lepralioid).
Figures: Corbulipora, Chorizopora, Escharoides, Adeonellopsis, Smittina,

frontal wall

A calcareous frontal body wall (covering the ascus in ascophoran cheilostomes) (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). This reference also described the frontal wall as including the exterior cuticle, and any associated epidermis. The frontal membrane can be included in the consideration of the entire structure.

funiculus

In gymnolaemates, mesenchymatous strands connecting the polypide with the zooidal wall (actually with the communication pores) (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
In phylactolaemates, tubular strand of tissue incorporating small muscle fibers spanning metacoel from caecum to peritoneum of colony wall (Wood in Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

 

globulus

In catenicellid cheilostomes, an internode consisting of a single autozooid (Harmer, 1957).

gonozooid

Zooid modified as a brood chamber (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).
Figures: Crisia, Tubulipora, Densipora, Hornera,

gymnocyst

In anascan cheilostomes, the part of the calcified frontal wall between the frontal membrane and the free edges of the vertical wall (modified after Ryland & Hayward, 1977).
Frontal wall with calcified layer directly in contact with outer cuticle.

gymnocystidean

Ascophorans in which the frontal wall forms by the calcification of the outer body wall (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
Figures: Hippothoa, Chorizopora,

gynozooecium, gynozooid

A polymorph formed by a single fertile zoid used to brood larvae in many cyclostomes; gynozooecia generally have bulbous distal parts in which the frontal wall bears a higher density of pseudopores than in the autozooecia, and apertures (ooeciopores) smaller than the autozooecial apertures. Synonymous with gonozooecium (gonozooid) as commonly used (Pitt & Taylor, 1991). Figures: Tubulipora
The term may also be applicable to cheilostomes which brood internally, in a modified autozooid.
Figures: Adeonellopsis,

 

hemiphragm

In stenolaemates, shelf-like skeletal projections in zooidal living chamber, which alternate in ontogenetic series from opposite sides of zooecia; hemiphragms in any one zooid commonly comparable in morphology (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

hemiseptum

In stenolaemates, shelf-like skeletal projections in zooidal living chamber, generally on proximal walls or in one or two pairs in alternate positions on proximal and distal sides of zooecia. Proximal and distal hemisepta commonly different in morphology in zoaria of Palaeozoic age (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

heterostyle

In cryptostomes, a type of stylet with a core made of lenses of non-laminated calcite separated by bands of laminae continuous with sheath laminae weakly to strongly directed toward colony surface, sheath lamellar bundle narrow. (Blake 1983)

heterozooid

Specialised (polymorphic) zooid; not an autozooid. Polymorphic zooids in the cheilostomes include avicularia, vibracula, rhizoids, kenozooids, zooeciules, and some types of spines.

hypostegal coelom

An extension of the main coelom overlying the frontal calcification in umbonuloid and cryptocystidean (lepralioid) cheilostomes (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

hyperstomial ooecium

An ooecium which rests on or is partly embedded in the distal zooid, and opens above the operculum of the parent zooid. (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)
Figures: Calyptotheca,

 

independent ooecium

An ooecium which develops independently of the distal zooid. (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)
Figures: Antarctothoa,

infrascapular chamber

In catenicellid cheilostomes, the most proximal of the chambers of the the lateral process (after Harmer, 1957). Syn. inferior compartment. This chamber may be divided into two.

inner vesicle

See ooecial vesicle.

interior wall (interior calcification)

Calcified internal walls or partitions developed from pre-existing structures, not bounded by the zooid cuticle, and overlain by a hypostegal coelom (Hayward & Ryland, 1985).
Body wall that partitions pre-existing body cavity into zooids, parts of zooids, or extrazooidal parts; may or may not include cuticular or gelatinous layer (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

internode

In erect articulated colonies, internodes are the sections bearing autozooids, joined by connecting tubes which are uncalcified or poorly calcified.

intertentacular organ

Tubular, internally ciliate chamber (extension of the coelomopore), used for the extrusion of ova, between the dorso-medial tentacles. (after Hayward & Ryland, 1998)

interzooidal avicularium

Avicularium positioned between zooids in a layer, extending to the basal wall, usually rather smaller than a normal zooid. See vicarious avicularium. Interzooidal avicularia communicate with adjacent zooids.

introvert

See tentacle sheath.

 

 

kenozooid

Heterozooid without a polypide; usually without orifice or muscles. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). May have a window.

 

labellum

In some phidoloporid cheilostomes, a lip on the proximal edge of the ovicell, which descends into the secondary orifice.
Figures: Iodictyum,

labial pore

In some phidoloporid cheilostomes, a pore on the proximal margin of the secondary orifice. This is formed by the closing of a pseudosinus, and is equivalent to a spiraminal pore.
Figures: Iodictyum,

lacuna

Perforation (true pore) between costaemaking up the frontal shield in some Cheilostomata (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
Figures: Corbulipora,

lateral denticle

In some ascophoran cheilostomes, paired tooth-like processes on the outer surface of the lateral margin of the orifice, i.e. outside the operculum. Partial synonyms include extra-opercular teeth, hinge-teeth (Tilbrook & Cook 2001). Examples: Riscodopa biincisa

lateral process

In catenicellid cheilostomes, a lateral projection of an internode, often at the distal end (modified after Harmer, 1957).

lateral sinus

In some ascophoran cheilostomes, the part of the orifice beween the median denticle and the lateral denticles. (modified after Tilbrook & Cook 2001). Examples: Riscodopa biincisa

lateral wall

In cheilostomes, vertical skeletal walls between adjacent rows of zooids; aligned with growth direction. Perforated by communication pores between zooids.

lepralioid

Ascophoran cheilostomes in which autozooids have frontal shields formed as cryptocysts (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983). See cryptocystidean

leptoblast

Floatoblast that germinates almost immediately after release from parent colony (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

ligula

Skeletal projection from the bar of an avicularium into the palate.

lophophore

The ring of hollow, ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth of the zooid (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

lucida

A transparent spot on the surface of a cuticular operculum (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

lunarium

In cystoporates, microstructurally distinct or thicker part of autozooecium or large monticular zooecium; on proximal or lateral side of autozoecium and projecting above zooecial aperture or peristome as a hood; commonly with shorter radius of curvature than remainder of zooecial wall (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

lunoecium

Uncalcified window in wall of kenozooid giving rise to rhizoid in some cheilostomes. Figures: Bipora

lyrula

Supraopercular median tooth, often anvil-shaped, on the proximal side of the orifice in some Cheilostomata (Modified after Hayward & Ryland, 1979, correction by Andrei Ostrovsky).
Figures: Smittina,

 

macula (Pl. maculae)

A distinct patch on the colony surface, usually marking the site of an excurrent chimney, often formed by a cluster of polymorphs or new zooecial buds (Pitt & Taylor, 1991). See monticule. Maculae are the nonzooidal centres of monticules; some types of maculae are not excurrent centres (Anstey, 1987)

mandible

Articulated part of an avicularium, moved by muscles, and homologous with the operculum of an autozooid (Hayward & Ryland, 1977).

marginal spine

Spine, often jointed at base, in a series surrounding the frontal area in Cheilostomata (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

maternal zooid

The proximal reproductive zooid from which larvae pass to an ooecium. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).

median denticle

In some ascophoran cheilostomes, a central tooth-like process on the outer surface of the proximal margin of the orifice, i.e. outside the operculum. Synonym is lyrula (modified after Tilbrook & Cook 2001). Examples: Riscodopa biincisa

membranous sac

In stenolaemates, membrane that surrounds digestive and reproductive system of zooid, dividing body cavity into two parts, the entosaccal cavity within sac, and the exosaccal cavity between sac and zooidal body wall (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

metamorphosis

An extensive external and internal reorganisation of a larva to produce a founding zooid (ancestrula ) or multiple founding zooids (primary zooids) of most stenolaemate and gymnolaemate colonies (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

monila

In stenolaemates, an intermittent thickening of the zooecial wall. In thin sections, the monilae look like a string of beads (modified after Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

monticule

A hummock on the colony surface, which probably formed an excurrent chimney (Pitt & Taylor, 1991). In stenolaemates, the equivalent of macula.

mother zooecium

In catenicellid cheilostomes, the proximal member of a biglobulus (or triglobulus) (after Harmer, 1957) (Not related to reproduction!).

mucro/ mucrone

A blunt or spinous elevation of the (usually proximal) lip of the orifice in some Cheilostomata. (Hayward & Ryland, 1998)

multiporous septulum

See septulum.

multizooidal

See extrazooidal.

mural pore-chamber

Cavity enclosed by the rosette-plate, in the vertical zooid walls of some cheilostomes (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

mural rim

The edge of the zooid skeleton surrounding the area in anascan cheilstomates, sometimes with spinous processes.

mural spine

In stenolaemates, small skeletal spipnes extending into the zooidal chamber from the skeletal wall or diaphragm. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

 

nanozooid

Dwarf zooid containing reduced polypide in some cyclostomes (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

node

See internode

 

occlusor lamella

In some anascan cheilostomes (Chaperiidae), a pair of skeletal plates, forming cavities with the lateral walls for the accommodation of opercular occlusor muscles.
Figures: Chaperia

occlusor muscles

Muscles closing the operculum (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

ontogeny

The development of a zooid (cf. astogeny) (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).

ooecial vesicle

The inner membrane and means of closure of an ovicell. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979)

ooeciostome (ooeciopore)

The opening (especially in stenolaemates) of the gonozooid (gynozooecium), through which larvae are released. Typically different in shape from the autozooid aperture, and usually characteristic for each species. (Hayward & Ryland, 1985)

ooecium

Ovicell or brood-chamber in cheilostomes, excluding the ooecial vesicle.
Some characteristic types of ooecia include independent, dependent, acleithral, cleithral, endotoichal, endozooidal, hyperstomial, peristomial.

operculum

A generally uncalcified lamina (or flap), hinged, or pivoting on condyles, which closes the zooidal orifice in Cheilostomata (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). Calcified opercula are found in some cheilostomes, and also in the cyclostome Family Eleidae .

opesia

In zooids of anascan Cheilostomata, the opening below the frontal membrane which remains after development of the cryptocyst. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979). Compare area.
Figures: Opaeophora, Chondriovelum, Steginoporella, Parellisina,

opesiule

In anascan cheilostomes, small openings or pores in the cryptocyst proximal to the opesia for the passage of parietal muscles.
Figures: Selenaria, Caleschara, Opaeophora, Macropora.

opesiular indentation

In anascan cheilostomes, indentations of the proximal margin of the opesia for the passage of parietal muscles.
Figures: Selenaria,

oral

Pertaining to the orifice of a bryozoan zooid (not to the mouth) (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

orifice

Opening in the zooid wall through which the lophophore and tentacles are exserted. In Cheilostomata, the primary orifice may be surrounded by a peristome; the opening at the upper end is then known as a secondary orifice. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979)
Figures: Smittina, Hippoporina, Porina,

ovicell

The globular brood chamber in Cheilostomata (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).
Figures: Scruparia, Hiantopora, Selenaria, Smittina, Hippoporina, Porina, Hippothoa,

 

palate

Part of the avicularium occupied by the mandible (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).

parietal muscle

One of commonly multiple, usually bilaterally paired muscles that traverse body cavity of gymnolaemate zooid to insert on flexible part of body wall or floor of ascus, generally to function in hydrostatic system (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

paurostyle

In cryptostomes, a type of stylet with an irregular core of non-laminated material. Sheath lamellae weakly directed toward colony surface, sheath lamellar bundle narrow. Transitional to acanthostyles, but usually smaller. (Blake 1983)

peduncle

The stalk of an avicularium.

pedunculate

Stalked (of avicularium).

pelma

See pelmatidium.

pelmatidium

Small uncalcified pores (or windows ) in the costae of cribrimorphs. Larger similar pores have been termed pelma (Pl. pelmata).
Figures: Corbulipora, Diagram by Lang

pericyst

See costate shield.

See visceral coelom.

peripheral

peristome

In cyclostomes: A tubular prolongation around the zooidal aperture (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).
A rim which may become elevated surrounding the primary orifice (Hayward & Ryland, 1979).
Figures: Tubulipora, Porina, Margaretta,

peristomial ooecium

An oeecium which is enclosed in the peristome tube.
Figures: Margaretta,

petraliform

A colony form of low growing sheets, attached to the substrate by cuticular rhizoids, as in Mucropetraliella (not in Petralia).
Figures: Mucropetraliella, Hiantopora,

piptoblast

Statoblast lacking both annulus and marginal hooks, often adhering to the body wall by small keel-like projections on the basal valve, not released from parent colony (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

pivotal bar

See bar.

plume cilia

polypide

Those organs and tissues in a bryozoan autozooid which undergo periodic replacement; namely, tentacles, tentacle sheath, alimentary canal, associated musculature and nerve ganglion. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979)

pore-chamber

See dietella

pore plate

Differentiated zone of a vertical wall, pierced by several communication pores connecting to the adjacent zooid. (Syn rosette plate)

porta

See anter (Obs.)

poster

Part of the orifice in ascophoran Cheilostomata proximal to the condyles and leading to the ascus. (Hayward & Ryland, 1979) (Cf anter)

primary

primary orifice

Opening in orificial wall through which the lophophore is protruded; may be uncalcified (in anascan and umbonuloid cheilostomes), or be coterminous with operculum and orifical wall in ascophorans.

proancestrula

protoecium

The bulb-like proximal portion of a cyclostome ancestrula (Pitt & Taylor, 1991).

proximal

Pertaining to the side toward the ancestrula or origin of growth (Ryland & Hayward, 1977).

pseudopore

Tissue-filled lacuna in the calcification of the outer zooid wall in many Bryozoa (Hayward & Ryland, 1998). In contrast to communication pores, there is no cellular tissue passing through the pore.
Figures: Hippoporina, Schizoporella,

pseudosinus

A notch in the peristome of some ascophorans (Hayward & Ryland, 1998). When the pseudosinus closes to form a tube, it becomes a spiramen.
Figures: Phidolopora,

 

quincuncial

Arrangement of five objects such that four are placed at the corners of a rectangle with the other in the centre (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

 

radicular chamber

In some petraliellid cheilostomes, a coelomic cavity between the basal cuticle and the basal calcification with a single septular pore, or with multiple pores. Rhizoids for basal attachment develop from these communication pores. (modified after Tilbrook & Cook 2001).

reticulate

A colony which is composed of a net-like or lacey framework of skeletal calcification, as in Fenestella or in many phidoloporid cheilostomes (syn.: fenestrate).

retractor muscles

Muscles arising from the proximal end of the zooid, inserted on the pharynx and the base of the lophophore, serving to withdraw the polypide (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

rhizoid

Zooid, usually weakly calcified, modified as a rootlet, for stabilising a colony to the substrate, or for reinforcing a branch, or for connecting across bracnhes of a colony.

rimule

See sinus

rosette plate

Multiporous subcircular area in vertical walls of Cheilostomata for the passage of mesenchymatous fibres between zooids (syn. multiporous septulum)(Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

rostrum

Spike-like prolongation of an avicularium.
Distal part of avicularium occupied by mandible (syn. palate) (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

 

scapular chamber

In catenicellid cheilostomes, the central of the chambers of the the lateral process (after Harmer, 1957). Syn. middle or avicularian compartment.

schizoporellid

sclerite

Thickened strut in cuticle of operculum, mandible or frontal membrane (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

scutum

Shield-like flattened, or branched spine partially covering opesia in some anascans.
Figures: Monartron, Tricellaria,

secondary orifice

In those species with a immersed primary orifice, the outer opening of the peristome (Hayward & Ryland, 1998). The secondary orifice is calcified, and may surround the primary orifice or be raised as a peristome.

septulum, septular pore

Single (uniporous) or grouped (multiporous) perforations in the wall of Cheilostomata for the passage of mesenchymatous fibres between zooids (syn. rosette plate ) (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

septum

An interior wall or partition, not associated with cuticle, for example, transverse vertical walls of most species (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

sessoblast

Statoblast cemented through colony wall to substrate, usually with rudimentary annulus, but lacking marginal hooks or spines (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983).

seta

setiform

Avicularian mandibles which are thin and long, extended well beyond the palate of the avicularium. Transitional to vibracular setae.

single-walled

See fixed-wall

sinus

Slit (or notch) at proximal edge of orifice in some ascophoran cheilostomes (after Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

spine

This is not considered a technical term, and is used for a diverse range of skeletal prominences. Types include oral spines, mural spines, costae. Spines are generally hollow, with interior tissue. Some are kenozooidal, and may be jointed.

spinocyst

spiramen

In ascophoran cheilostomes, an opening in the external frontal calcification proximal to the secondary orifice connecting to the interior of the peristomial tube above (frontal to) the primary orifice, or to the space between the frontal shield and the frontal membrane in umbonuloids. There are several types of spiramina - some obviously function as part of the compensation system. Compare ascopore.
Figures: Porina, Adeonellopsis,

statoblast

In phylactolaemates, free encapsulated bud in discoid envelope of chitin, with large yolky cells and organised germinal tissue capable of giving rise to polypide to start a new colony; formed on funiculus of parent zooid by migration of epithelial cells (after Boardman & Cheetham, 1983). Types include floatoblast, leptoblast, piptoblast, sessoblast.

stigma

A groove or gap in the calcification of the ectooecium of some phidoloporid cheilostomes.
Figures: Triphyllozoon, Iodictyum, Reteporellina,

stolon

stylet Also style, acanthopore.

In stenolaemates, a rod-like structure parallel to the zooidal growth directions, forming spinose projections on the colony surface. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983) Four types of stylets are acanthostyles, aktinotostyles, paurostyles, and heterostyles.

sulcus

Groove delineating the boundary between adjacent zooids (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

supraneural pore

See coelomopore.

suprascapular chamber

In catenicellid cheilostomes, the most distal of the chambers of the the lateral process (after Harmer, 1957). Syn. superior compartment.

 

tabula

In cheilostomes, an area of uncalcified ectooecium exposing the entooecium. Various types of marginal pores or calcified struts may be visible.

tatiform

An ancestrula with a membranous frontal wall, often surrounded by spines (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

tentacle sheath

Thin part of body wall introverted in retraction of tentacles and then enclosing them (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

terminal membrane

trabecula

Branch separating the fenestrulae in reticulate cheilostomes (Phidoloporidae) (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).

transverse parietal muscles

transverse wall

In gymnolaemates, a partition between adjacent zooids in a linear series, separating a zooid from its distal and proximal neighbours.

 

umbo (umbone)

In cheilostomes, a prominence on the frontal wall proximal to the orifice. It is also used for prominences on ovicells or avicularia.

umbonuloid

Type of cheilostomate frontal shield, where the calcification in a zooid develops by the growth of a fold of tissue beneath the frontal wall, extending distally from the proximal edge. The calcified shield separates the overlying hypostegal coelom from the ascus and the underlying visceral coelom.

 

vanna

See poster (Obs.)

vertical wall

One of zooidal supporting walls that is entirely or in part at a high angle to the basal and orificial walls, giving depth, length, or both to the zooidal body cavity; can be exterior, interior, or a combination.
In gymnolaemates, the lateral and transverse walls. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

vesicle

In fistuliporine cystoporates, blisterlike, boxlike, or less commmonly tubelike element of extrazooidal vesicular tissue bounded by calcified walls and roof; space in vesicle presumably contained no soft tissue. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

vesicle wall

Straight to curved lateral sides of vesicle, generally simple, interior wall; may be compound in a few genera. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

vesicular tissue

In fistuliporine cystoporates, extrazooidal calcareous structures composed of adjacent and superposed vesicles. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

vestibule

Variable space through which the lophophore passes in protruding and retracting.
In cryptostomates, the part of the zooecial chamber between aperture and either hemisepta or boundary between exozone and endozone. (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983)

vibex (Pl. vibices)

In erect phidoloporid cheilostomes: surface ridge of skeletal calcification, marking the contacts between kenozooids on the basal surface.

vibraculum

Heterozooid in Cheilostomata with operculum in form of a long seta slung between condyles (Hayward & Ryland, 1979) or pivoting on a skeletal bar. Transitional to avicularia with setiform mandibles.

vicarious avicularium

Avicularium taking the place of an autozooid in the colony; approximately the same size as the autozooid. Vicarious avicularia communicate with adjacent zooids.
Figures: Chondriovelum, Adeonellopsis, Sinoflustra, Otionellina,

visceral coelom

 

wall

Used in a number of ways, for the skeletal and/or organic partition between zooids in a colony, or between the colony and the environment. See basal wall, frontal wall, transverse wall, lateral wall, vertical wall, interior wall, exterior wall, double-walled, free-walled, fixed-wall.

window

In cheilostomes, an uncalcified part of wall. In living animals, the window is covered with cuticle. See pelmatidium, lunoecium, dietella. Compare foramen, fenestra, lacuna.

 

zoarium

Used for the skeleton of a colony.

zooeciule

Small zooid with orifice but not all parts of autozooid (Hayward & Ryland, 1998).
Figures: Hippothoa,

zooecium

Skeleton of bryozoan zooid.

zooid

Single bryozoan member (module) of a colony. Often called individual. Various types are distinguished by prefixes. (modified after Hayward & Ryland, 1979)

References

Boardman, 1998.

Reflections on the morphology, anatomy, evolution, and classification of the Class Stenolaemata (Bryozoa).
Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 86: 1-59.

Boardman & Cheetham, 1983.

Glossary of morphological terms. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part G, Bryozoa (Revised) Volume 1. (ed. R.A Robison): 304-320.

Hayward, 1985.

Ctenostome Bryozoans (Synopses of the British Fauna (n.s.), 33): 169 pp. London: The Linnean Society of London and E.J.Brill/Dr W. Backhuys.

Hayward & Ryland, 1979.

British Ascophoran Bryozoans (Synopses of the British Fauna (n.s.), 14): 312 pp. London/New York: The Linnean Society of London and Academic Press.

Hayward & Ryland, 1985.

Cyclostome Bryozoans (Synopses of the British Fauna (n.s.), 34): 147 pp. London: The Linnean Society of London and E.J.Brill/Dr W. Backhuys.

Pitt & Taylor, 1991.

Cretacous Bryozoa from the Faringdon Sponge Gravel (Aptian) of Oxfordshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology) 46: 61-152.

Ryland & Hayward, 1977.

British Anascan Bryozoans (Synopses of the British Fauna (n.s.), 10): 188 pp. London/New York: The Linnean Society of London and Academic Press.

Edited by Phil Bock
Modified on 15th June 2013
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