Parasmittina Osburn, 1952

Type species: Lepralia jeffreysi Norman, 1876

Synonyms Author Type Species
Alismittina Soule & Soule, 1964 Smittia californiensis Robertson, 1908

This genus includes the species:

  1. Parasmittina abrolhosensis
    		2.  Ramalho, Taylor. & Moraes, 2018 Recent West Pacific Brazil WoRMS 1299459
  2. Parasmittina acondylata
    		3.  Dick, Ngai & Doan, 2020 Recent South China Sea Vietnam WoRMS 1424310
  3. Parasmittina aculeata
    		4.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west Solomon Is. WoRMS 470477
  4. Parasmittina acuta
    		5.  (Canu & Bassler, 1929) Recent West Pacific Philippines WoRMS 1035374
  5. Parasmittina alanbanneri
    		6. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470430
  6. Parasmittina alaskensis
    		7. Osburn, 1952 Recent Alaska WoRMS 470454
  7. Parasmittina alba
    		8.  Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2011 Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 573180
  8. Parasmittina aleutensis
    		9. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Alaska WoRMS 387446
  9. Parasmittina alitis
    		10.  Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516121
  10. Parasmittina amazonensis
    		11.  Ramalho & Moraes, 2021 Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 1497610
  11. Parasmittina anderseni
    		12. Cheetham & Sandberg, 1964 Holocene USA (Gulf of Mexico) WoRMS 422341
  12. Parasmittina aotea
    		13. (Brown, 1952) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 470458
  13. Parasmittina areolata
    		14. (Canu & Bassler, 1927) Recent Hawaii, Brazil, Belize, Mauritius(?) WoRMS 470410
  14. Parasmittina atypica
    		15. (Powell, 1967) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 722987
  15. Parasmittina auris
    		16.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470478
  16. Parasmittina avicularissima
    		17. Gontar, 1982 Recent North Pacific WoRMS 470458
  17. Parasmittina aviculifera
    		18. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387447
  18. Phylactella aviculifera
    (Homonym)
    		19. (d'Hondt, 1986) Recent New Caledonia WoRMS 1035376
  19. Parasmittina aviculoumbonata
    		20.  Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406219
  20. Parasmittina baccula
    		21.  Hayward & Winston, 2011 Recent Antarctic WoRMS 709373
  21. Parasmittina barbadensis
    		22.  Winston & Woollacott, 2009 Recent West Atlantic - Barbados WoRMS 534175
  22. Parasmittina betamorphaea
    		23.  Winston, 2005 Recent West Atlantic Caribbean WoRMS 422342
  23. Parasmittina bimucronata
    		24. (Hincks, 1884) Recent Burma WoRMS 470459
  24. Parasmittina breli
    		25.  d'Hondt & Mascarell, 2010 Recent Marquesas Is. WoRMS 843203
  25. Parasmittina californica
    		26. (Robertson, 1908) Recent California WoRMS 470461
  26. Parasmittina californiensis
    		27.  (Robertson, 1908) Recent USA California WoRMS 851529
  27. Parasmittina cheilodon
    		28. (MacGillivray, 1869) Recent Southern Australia WoRMS 470426
  28. Parasmittina chikagawaensis
    		29.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406220
  29. Parasmittina circinanata
    		30.  Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470465
  30. Parasmittina circularis
    		31. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470431
  31. Parasmittina collifera
    		32. (Robertson, 1908) Recent California WoRMS 868579
  32. Parasmittina collum
    		33. (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Paleogene Eocene Priabonian USA Carolinas WoRMS 1412720
  33. Parasmittina contraria
    		34. Seo, 1992 Recent Korea WoRMS 470446
  34. Parasmittina crosslandi
    		35. (Hastings, 1930) Recent
    Neogene    		 East Pacific
    Central America    		 WoRMS 422343
  35. Parasmittina crosslandi serrata
    		36.  Madihavan Pillai, 1981 Recent Indian Ocean WoRMS 472721
  36. Parasmittina cryptoavicularia
    		37.  Baradari, Nasrolahi & Taylor, 2019 Recent Persian Gulf WoRMS 1354164
  37. Parasmittina cyclops
    		38.  Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516122
  38. Parasmittina delicatula
    		39. (Busk, 1884) Recent Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia WoRMS 470398
  39. Parasmittina dentigera
    		40. Harmer, 1957 Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470415
  40. Parasmittina dependeo
    		41.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470474
  41. Parasmittina distincta    		 Ramalho, Taylor. & Moraes, 2018 Recent West Pacific Brazil WoRMS 1299458
  42. Parasmittina dolabrata
    		43. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Galapagos, E.Pacific WoRMS 470441
  43. Parasmittina dubitata
    		44. Hayward, 1980 Recent South Atlantic WoRMS 470425
  44. Parasmittina eccentrica
    		45.  Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516123
  45. Parasmittina echinata
    		46.  Canu & Bassler, 1928 Recent Gulf of Mexico WoRMS 422344
  46. Parasmittina egyptiaca
    		47. (Waters, 1909) Recent Egypt WoRMS 470416
  47. Parasmittina emersoni
    		48. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470434
  48. Parasmittina ensifera
    		49.  (Maplestone, 1909) Recent South Pacific - Gilbert Islands WoRMS 1035386
  49. Parasmittina erecta
    		50. Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Recent Southwest Pacific WoRMS 470449
  50. Parasmittina exasperatrix
    		51. d'Hondt, 1986 Recent New Caledonia WoRMS 470443
  51. Parasmittina exiguiuncinata
    		52.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470470
  52. Parasmittina falciformis
    		53.  Farias, Vieira & Almeida, 2024 Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 1765264
  53. Parasmittina fistulata
    		54. (Harmer 1957) Recent Indo-West Pacific, western Australia WoRMS 470399
  54. Parasmittina floridana
    		55.  Winston, 2005 Recent West Atlantic - Caribbean WoRMS 422345
  55. Parasmittina fraseri
    		56. Osburn, 1952 Recent Mexico WoRMS 470455
  56. Parasmittina galerita
    		57. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470404
  57. Parasmittina geometrica
    		58.  (Kirkpatrick, 1890) Recent South China Sea WoRMS 1035389
  58. Parasmittina glabra
    		59. Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Recent Southwest Pacific WoRMS 470447
  59. Parasmittina glomerata
    		60.  (Thornely, 1912) Recent Indian Ocean WoRMS 220637
  60. Parasmittina gujaratica
    		61.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470481
  61. Parasmittina hanzawae
    		62.  Kataoka, 1960 Recent Japan WoRMS 470452
  62. Parasmittina harudiensis
    		63.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470479
  63. Parasmittina hastingsae
    		64. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii, Vanuatu, Indonesia, Australia WoRMS 470400
  64. Parasmittina ilioensis
    		65. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470440
  65. Parasmittina inalienata
    		66.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470476
  66. Parasmittina indiginella
    		67.  Winston, 2016 Recent Northwest Atlantic USA Florida WoRMS 868519
  67. Parasmittina japonica
    		68.  (Ortmann, 1890) Recent Japan WoRMS 1035391
  68. Parasmittina jeffreysi
    		69. (Norman, 1876) Recent Arctic WoRMS 111544
  69. Parasmittina johni
    		70.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470480
  70. Parasmittina kauaiensis
    		71. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470438
  71. Parasmittina labellum
    		72.  Canu & Bassler, 1928 Recent Gulf of Mexico WoRMS 470444
  72. Parasmittina latiavicularia
    		73. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius, GBR WoRMS 470405
  73. Parasmittina lavela
    		74. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Colombia WoRMS 387448
  74. Parasmittina leviavicularia
    		75. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470436
  75. Parasmittina ligulata
    		76.  (Ridley, 1881) Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 1765263
  76. Parasmittina ligulata (homonym)
    		77.  Di Martino, Rosso, and Taylor, 2025 Holocene Northwest Pacific Japan Okinawa WoRMS 1797473
  77. Parasmittina livingstonei
    		78.  (Powell, 1967) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 722988
  78. Parasmittina longirostrata
    		79.  Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470463
  79. Parasmittina loxa
    		80.  (Marcus, 1937) Recent Atlantic Ocean - St Helena WoRMS 1035392
  80. Parasmittina loxoides
    		81.  Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Recent Southwest Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 827638
  81. Parasmittina luteoserrula
    		82.  Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516152
  82. Parasmittina macginitiei
    		83. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Alaska WoRMS 387449
  83. Parasmittina macphersonae
    		84. Powell, 1967 Recent Southern Australia WoRMS 470427
  84. Parasmittina margaritata
    		85. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470419
  85. Parasmittina marsupialis
    		86. (Busk, 1884) Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470435
  86. Parasmittina masudai
    		87.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Miocene-Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1406221
  87. Parasmittina mauritiana
    		88. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470420
  88. Parasmittina mexicana
    		89. Pouyet & Herrera-Anduaga, 1986 Recent Mexico WoRMS 422346
  89. Parasmittina multiaviculata
    		90.  Souto, Ramalhosa & Canning-Clode, 2016 Recent East Atlantic Madeira WoRMS 888472
  90. Parasmittina munita
    		91. (Hincks, 1884) Recent Australia WoRMS 422347
  91. Parasmittina murarmata
    		92. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470421
  92. Parasmittina nasuta
    		93.  (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indo-Pacific Indonesia WoRMS 470412
  93. Parasmittina natalensis
    		94.  O'Donoghue, 1957 Recent Indian Ocean South Africa WoRMS 470453
  94. Parasmittina nitida
    		95. (Verrill, 1875) Recent S. Atlantic WoRMS 422348
  95. Parasmittina novella
    		96. Hayward & Cook, 1983 Recent South Africa WoRMS 470429
  96. Parasmittina obstructa
    		97.  (Waters, 1889) Recent Australia WoRMS 470460
  97. Parasmittina oculinae
    		98.  Winston, 2016 Recent Northwest Atlantic USA Florida WoRMS 868520
  98. Parasmittina okadai
    		99.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Miocene Japan WoRMS 1406222
  99. Parasmittina onychorrhyncha
    		100. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470406
  100. Parasmittina ornata
    		101. (Thornely, 1912) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470422
  101. Parasmittina ovilirata
    		102.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470471
  102. Parasmittina papulata
    		103.  (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470414
  103. Parasmittina paradicei
    		104. (Livingstone, 1926) Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470428
  104. Parasmittina parsevaliformis
    		105. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470437
  105. Parasmittina parsevalii
    		106. (Audouin, 1826) Recent Gulf of Suez WoRMS 111545
  106. Parasmittina parsloeparsloei
    		107.  Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent southern Australia WoRMS 470401
  107. Parasmittina parvitatis
    		108.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470475
  108. Parasmittina parviuncinata
    		109.  Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470433
  109. Parasmittina pectinata
    		110. Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent southern Australia WoRMS 470402
  110. Parasmittina peristoaviculata
    		111.  Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406223
  111. Parasmittina pinctatae
    		112.  Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470468
  112. Parasmittina plana
    		113.  Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406224
  113. Parasmittina projecta
    		114.  (Okada & Mawatari, 1937) Recent Japan WoRMS 470457
  114. Parasmittina protecta
    		115. (Thornely, 1905) Recent West Africa, Indian Ocean WoRMS 220639
  115. Parasmittina proximoproducta
    		116.  Moyano, 1983 Recent Chile WoRMS 470451
  116. Parasmittina pugetensis
    		117. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent NW USA WoRMS 387450
  117. Parasmittina pyriformis
    		118.  Seo, 2002 Recent Northwest Pacific - Korea WoRMS 387451
  118. Parasmittina raigiformis
    		119. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470439
  119. Parasmittina raigii
    		120. (Audouin, 1826) Recent Gulf of Suez WoRMS 111546
  120. Parasmittina raigioidea
    		121.  Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470467
  121. Parasmittina recidiva
    		122. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470423
  122. Parasmittina regularis
    		123. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387452
  123. Parasmittina rimula
    		124.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470472
  124. Parasmittina rostriformis
    		125. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470424
  125. Parasmittina rouvillei
    		126. (Calvet, 1902) Recent Mediterranean WoRMS 221563
  126. Parasmittina saccoi
    		127.  (Canu, 1913) Neogene Miocene Burdigalian France WoRMS 1412721
  127. Parasmittina santacruzana
    		128. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387453
  128. Parasmittina serrula
    		129. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Pacific, Caribbean WoRMS 470407
  129. Parasmittina serruloides
    		130. Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Recent Lebanon WoRMS 470483
  130. Parasmittina shibikawaensis
    		131.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1406225
  131. Parasmittina simpulata
    		132.  Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Recent Southwest Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 827639
  132. Parasmittina solenosmilioides
    		133. Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent Australia, Indo-west Pacific WoRMS 470403
  133. Parasmittina soulesi
    		134.  Scholz & Cusi, 1993 Recent Indo-Pacific WoRMS 932838
  134. Parasmittina spathulata
    		135.  (Smitt, 1873) Recent Hawai’i WoRMS 422349
  135. Parasmittina spiculata
    		136.  Gluhak, Lewis & Popijak, 2007 Recent Northwest Pacific - Taiwan WoRMS 472903
  136. Parasmittina spondylicola
    		137. Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Recent Lebanon WoRMS 470484
  137. Parasmittina subtubulata
    		138.  (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470413
  138. Parasmittina talismani
    		139. (Calvet, 1906) Recent Cape Verde WoRMS 470482
  139. Parasmittina tatianae
    		140.  Denisenko, 2015 Recent Arctic Chukotsk Sea WoRMS 884395
  140. Parasmittina telum
    		141.  (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Paleogene Oligocene Rupelian USA, Europe WoRMS 1412722
  141. Parasmittina triangularis
    		142. (Mawatari, 1952) Recent Japan WoRMS 470456
  142. Parasmittina trianguliforma
    		143. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Mexico WoRMS 470462
  143. Parasmittina trispinosa
    		144. (Johnston, 1838) Recent Europe WoRMS 111547
  144. Parasmittina trispinosa aomoriensis
    		145.  Kataoka, 1957 Neogene Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1414956
  145. Parasmittina trispinosa granosa
    		146.  (Canu & Bassler, 1929) Recent Pacific west Philippines WoRMS 1035398
  146. Parasmittina trispinosa macroavicularia
    		147.  (Androsova, 1958) Recent North Pacific - Sakhalin WoRMS 472718
  147. Parasmittina trispinosa nanshaensis
    		148.  Lu, 1991 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 472720
  148. Parasmittina tropica
    		149. (Waters, 1909) Recent Mauritius, W.Africa, Indonesia, Australia, Mediterranean WoRMS 111548
  149. Parasmittina trunculata
    		150.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470473
  150. Parasmittina tubula
    		151. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470409
  151. Parasmittina tubulata
    		152. Osburn, 1952 Recent California, Mexico WoRMS 470445
  152. Parasmittina turbula
    		153. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470408
  153. Parasmittina uncinata
    		154. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470432
  154. Parasmittina vacuramosa
    		155.  Lu, Nie & Zhong in Lu, 1991 Recent Indo-Pacific including Australia WoRMS 470469
  155. Parasmittina variabilis
    		156.  Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470466
  156. Parasmittina veniliae
    		157.  Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516157
  157. Parasmittina winstonae
    		158.  Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470464
Parasmittina alanbanneri Parasmittina areolata Parasmittina avicularissima Parasmittina circularis
Parasmittina alanbanneri
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina areolata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina avicularissima
(Thanks to Matt Dick)		 Parasmittina circularis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina crosslandi Parasmittina delicatula Parasmittina dolabrata Parasmittina emersoni
Parasmittina crosslandi Parasmittina delicatula Parasmittina dolabrata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina emersoni
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina hastingsae Parasmittina ilioensis Parasmittina kauaiensis Parasmittina leviavicularia
Parasmittina hastingsae
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina ilioensis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina kauaiensis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina leviavicularia
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina marsupialis Parasmittina parsevaliformis Parasmittina parsloeparsloei Parasmittina parviuncinata
Parasmittina marsupialis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina parsevaliformis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina parsloeparsloei -
A colour photograph by
Karen Gowlett-Holmes
is available.		 Parasmittina parviuncinata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina raigiformis Parasmittina serrula Parasmittina soulesi Parasmittina trianguliforma Parasmittina uncinata
Parasmittina raigiformis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina serrula
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina soulesi
(Thanks to Matt Dick)		 Parasmittina trianguliforma
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina uncinata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)

This information is based upon various sources, but little personal knowledge. I am indebted to the late Alan Horowitz for his compilation, and to Dr. J. Pachut.
I would be grateful for corrections to, or critical reviews of this information. This is not a 'final' version (an impossible ideal), but a working document.

Parasmittina page at NMITA

Parasmittina trispinosa at Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland.

Parasmittina jeffreysi at Atlas of Arctic Bryozoa - Piotr Kuklinski.
Parasmittina trispinosa at Atlas of Arctic Bryozoa - Piotr Kuklinski.

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Edited by Phil Bock
Modified on 3/1/2017
Modified on 14/9/2017 (3 species added)
Modified on 29/9/2018 (2 species added)
Modified on 30/6/2019 (Added P.cryptoavicularia)
Modified on 8/3/2020 (Added P.acondylata)
Modified on 14/6/2020 (Added WoRMS links)
Modified on 19/8/2020 (Moved P.cautela, P.marginata to Smittoidea)
Modified on 29/3/2021 (Added P.amazonensis)
Modified on 20/6/2021 (Added 5 species)
Modified on 26/4/2022 (Corrected date for P.talismani - thanks to O. Reverter-Gil )
Modified on 12/8/2024 (Added P.ligulata, P.falciformis)
Modified on 11/2/2025 (Added P.ligulata)
This URL is http://bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/smittinidae/parasmittina.html