Parasmittina Osburn, 1952

Type species: Lepralia jeffreysi Norman, 1876

Synonyms Author Type Species
Alismittina Soule & Soule, 1964 Smittia californiensis Robertson, 1908

This genus includes the species:

  1. Parasmittina abrolhosensis
    		2.  Ramalho, Taylor. & Moraes, 2018 Recent West Pacific Brazil WoRMS 1299459
  2. Parasmittina acondylata
    		3.  Dick, Ngai & Doan, 2020 Recent South China Sea Vietnam WoRMS 1424310
  3. Parasmittina aculeata
    		4.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west Solomon Is. WoRMS 470477
  4. Parasmittina acuta
    		5.  (Canu & Bassler, 1929) Recent West Pacific Philippines WoRMS 1035374
  5. Parasmittina alanbanneri
    		6. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470430
  6. Parasmittina alaskensis
    		7. Osburn, 1952 Recent Alaska WoRMS 470454
  7. Parasmittina alba
    		8.  Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2011 Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 573180
  8. Parasmittina aleutensis
    		9. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Alaska WoRMS 387446
  9. Parasmittina anderseni
    		10. Cheetham & Sandberg, 1964 Holocene USA (Gulf of Mexico) WoRMS 422341
  10. Parasmittina aotea
    		11. (Brown, 1952) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 470458
  11. Parasmittina areolata
    		12. (Canu & Bassler, 1927) Recent Hawaii, Brazil, Belize, Mauritius(?) WoRMS 470410
  12. Parasmittina atypica
    		13. (Powell, 1967) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 722987
  13. Parasmittina auris
    		14.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470478
  14. Parasmittina avicularissima
    		15. Gontar, 1982 Recent North Pacific WoRMS 470458
  15. Parasmittina aviculifera
    		16. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387447
  16. Phylactella aviculifera
    (Homonym)
    		17. (d'Hondt, 1986) Recent New Caledonia WoRMS 1035376
  17. Parasmittina aviculoumbonata
    		18.  Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406219
  18. Parasmittina baccula
    		19.  Hayward & Winston, 2011 Recent Antarctic WoRMS 709373
  19. Parasmittina barbadensis
    		20.  Winston & Woollacott, 2009 Recent West Atlantic - Barbados WoRMS 534175
  20. Parasmittina betamorphaea
    		21.  Winston, 2005 Recent West Atlantic Caribbean WoRMS 422342
  21. Parasmittina bimucronata
    		22. (Hincks, 1884) Recent Burma WoRMS 470459
  22. Parasmittina breli
    		23.  d'Hondt & Mascarell, 2010 Recent Marquesas Is. WoRMS 843203
  23. Parasmittina californica
    		24. (Robertson, 1908) Recent California WoRMS 470461
  24. Parasmittina californiensis
    		25.  (Robertson, 1908) Recent USA California WoRMS 851529
  25. Parasmittina cheilodon
    		26. (MacGillivray, 1869) Recent Southern Australia WoRMS 470426
  26. Parasmittina chikagawaensis
    		27.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406220
  27. Parasmittina circinanata
    		28.  Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470465
  28. Parasmittina circularis
    		29. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470431
  29. Parasmittina collifera
    		30. (Robertson, 1908) Recent California WoRMS 868579
  30. Parasmittina collum
    		31. (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Paleogene Eocene Priabonian USA Carolinas WoRMS 1412720
  31. Parasmittina contraria
    		32. Seo, 1992 Recent Korea WoRMS 470446
  32. Parasmittina crosslandi
    		33. (Hastings, 1930) Recent
    Neogene    		 East Pacific
    Central America    		 WoRMS 422343
  33. Parasmittina crosslandi serrata
    		34.  Madihavan Pillai, 1981 Recent Indian Ocean WoRMS 472721
  34. Parasmittina cryptoavicularia
    		35.  Baradari, Nasrolahi & Taylor, 2019 Recent Persian Gulf WoRMS 1354164
  35. Parasmittina delicatula
    		36. (Busk, 1884) Recent Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia WoRMS 470398
  36. Parasmittina dentigera
    		37. Harmer, 1957 Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470415
  37. Parasmittina dependeo
    		38.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470474
  38. Parasmittina distincta    		 Ramalho, Taylor. & Moraes, 2018 Recent West Pacific Brazil WoRMS 1299458
  39. Parasmittina dolabrata
    		40. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Galapagos, E.Pacific WoRMS 470441
  40. Parasmittina dubitata
    		41. Hayward, 1980 Recent South Atlantic WoRMS 470425
  41. Parasmittina echinata
    		42.  Canu & Bassler, 1928 Recent Gulf of Mexico WoRMS 422344
  42. Parasmittina egyptiaca
    		43. (Waters, 1909) Recent Egypt WoRMS 470416
  43. Parasmittina emersoni
    		44. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470434
  44. Parasmittina ensifera
    		45.  (Maplestone, 1909) Recent South Pacific - Gilbert Islands WoRMS 1035386
  45. Parasmittina erecta
    		46. Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Recent Southwest Pacific WoRMS 470449
  46. Parasmittina exasperatrix
    		47. d'Hondt, 1986 Recent New Caledonia WoRMS 470443
  47. Parasmittina exiguiuncinata
    		48.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470470
  48. Parasmittina fistulata
    		49. (Harmer 1957) Recent Indo-West Pacific, western Australia WoRMS 470399
  49. Parasmittina floridana
    		50.  Winston, 2005 Recent West Atlantic - Caribbean WoRMS 422345
  50. Parasmittina fraseri
    		51. Osburn, 1952 Recent Mexico WoRMS 470455
  51. Parasmittina galerita
    		52. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470404
  52. Parasmittina geometrica
    		53.  (Kirkpatrick, 1890) Recent South China Sea WoRMS 1035389
  53. Parasmittina glabra
    		54. Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Recent Southwest Pacific WoRMS 470447
  54. Parasmittina glomerata
    		55.  (Thornely, 1912) Recent Indian Ocean WoRMS 220637
  55. Parasmittina gujaratica
    		56.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470481
  56. Parasmittina hanzawae
    		57.  Kataoka, 1960 Recent Japan WoRMS 470452
  57. Parasmittina harudiensis
    		58.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470479
  58. Parasmittina hastingsae
    		59. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii, Vanuatu, Indonesia, Australia WoRMS 470400
  59. Parasmittina ilioensis
    		60. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470440
  60. Parasmittina inalienata
    		61.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470476
  61. Parasmittina indiginella
    		62.  Winston, 2016 Recent Northwest Atlantic USA Florida WoRMS 868519
  62. Parasmittina japonica
    		63.  (Ortmann, 1890) Recent Japan WoRMS 1035391
  63. Parasmittina jeffreysi
    		64. (Norman, 1876) Recent Arctic WoRMS 111544
  64. Parasmittina johni
    		65.  Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470480
  65. Parasmittina kauaiensis
    		66. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470438
  66. Parasmittina labellum
    		67.  Canu & Bassler, 1928 Recent Gulf of Mexico WoRMS 470444
  67. Parasmittina latiavicularia
    		68. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius, GBR WoRMS 470405
  68. Parasmittina lavela
    		69. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Colombia WoRMS 387448
  69. Parasmittina leviavicularia
    		70. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470436
  70. Parasmittina livingstonei
    		71.  (Powell, 1967) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 722988
  71. Parasmittina longirostrata
    		72.  Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470463
  72. Parasmittina loxa
    		73.  (Marcus, 1937) Recent Atlantic Ocean - St Helena WoRMS 1035392
  73. Parasmittina loxoides
    		74.  Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Recent Southwest Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 827638
  74. Parasmittina macginitiei
    		75. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Alaska WoRMS 387449
  75. Parasmittina macphersonae
    		76. Powell, 1967 Recent Southern Australia WoRMS 470427
  76. Parasmittina margaritata
    		77. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470419
  77. Parasmittina marsupialis
    		78. (Busk, 1884) Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470435
  78. Parasmittina masudai
    		79.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Miocene-Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1406221
  79. Parasmittina mauritiana
    		80. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470420
  80. Parasmittina mexicana
    		81. Pouyet & Herrera-Anduaga, 1986 Recent Mexico WoRMS 422346
  81. Parasmittina multiaviculata
    		82.  Souto, Ramalhosa & Canning-Clode, 2016 Recent East Atlantic Madeira WoRMS 888472
  82. Parasmittina munita
    		83. (Hincks, 1884) Recent Australia WoRMS 422347
  83. Parasmittina murarmata
    		84. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470421
  84. Parasmittina nasuta
    		85.  (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indo-Pacific Indonesia WoRMS 470412
  85. Parasmittina natalensis
    		86.  O'Donoghue, 1957 Recent Indian Ocean South Africa WoRMS 470453
  86. Parasmittina nitida
    		87. (Verrill, 1875) Recent S. Atlantic WoRMS 422348
  87. Parasmittina novella
    		88. Hayward & Cook, 1983 Recent South Africa WoRMS 470429
  88. Parasmittina obstructa
    		89.  (Waters, 1889) Recent Australia WoRMS 470460
  89. Parasmittina oculinae
    		90.  Winston, 2016 Recent Northwest Atlantic USA Florida WoRMS 868520
  90. Parasmittina okadai
    		91.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Miocene Japan WoRMS 1406222
  91. Parasmittina onychorrhyncha
    		92. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470406
  92. Parasmittina ornata
    		93. (Thornely, 1912) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470422
  93. Parasmittina ovilirata
    		94.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470471
  94. Parasmittina papulata
    		95.  (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470414
  95. Parasmittina paradicei
    		96. (Livingstone, 1926) Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470428
  96. Parasmittina parsevaliformis
    		97. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470437
  97. Parasmittina parsevalii
    		98. (Audouin, 1826) Recent Gulf of Suez WoRMS 111545
  98. Parasmittina parsloeparsloei
    		99.  Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent southern Australia WoRMS 470401
  99. Parasmittina parvitatis
    		100.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470475
  100. Parasmittina parviuncinata
    		101. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470433
  101. Parasmittina pectinata
    		102. Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent southern Australia WoRMS 470402
  102. Parasmittina peristoaviculata
    		103.  Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406223
  103. Parasmittina pinctatae
    		104.  Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470468
  104. Parasmittina plana
    		105.  Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406224
  105. Parasmittina projecta
    		106.  (Okada & Mawatari, 1937) Recent Japan WoRMS 470457
  106. Parasmittina protecta
    		107. (Thornely, 1905) Recent West Africa, Indian Ocean WoRMS 220639
  107. Parasmittina proximoproducta
    		108.  Moyano, 1983 Recent Chile WoRMS 470451
  108. Parasmittina pugetensis
    		109. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent NW USA WoRMS 387450
  109. Parasmittina pyriformis
    		110.  Seo, 2002 Recent Northwest Pacific - Korea WoRMS 387451
  110. Parasmittina raigiformis
    		111. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470439
  111. Parasmittina raigii
    		112. (Audouin, 1826) Recent Gulf of Suez WoRMS 111546
  112. Parasmittina raigioidea
    		113.  Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470467
  113. Parasmittina recidiva
    		114. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470423
  114. Parasmittina regularis
    		115. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387452
  115. Parasmittina rimula
    		116.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470472
  116. Parasmittina rostriformis
    		117. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470424
  117. Parasmittina rouvillei
    		118. (Calvet, 1902) Recent Mediterranean WoRMS 221563
  118. Parasmittina saccoi
    		119.  (Canu, 1913) Neogene Miocene Burdigalian France WoRMS 1412721
  119. Parasmittina santacruzana
    		120. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387453
  120. Parasmittina serrula
    		121. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Pacific, Caribbean WoRMS 470407
  121. Parasmittina serruloides
    		122. Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Recent Lebanon WoRMS 470483
  122. Parasmittina shibikawaensis
    		123.  Hayami, 1975 Neogene Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1406225
  123. Parasmittina simpulata
    		124.  Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Recent Southwest Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 827639
  124. Parasmittina solenosmilioides
    		125. Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent Australia, Indo-west Pacific WoRMS 470403
  125. Parasmittina soulesi
    		126.  Scholz & Cusi, 1993 Recent Indo-Pacific WoRMS 932838
  126. Parasmittina spathulata
    		127.  (Smitt, 1873) Recent Hawai’i WoRMS 422349
  127. Parasmittina spiculata
    		128.  Gluhak, Lewis & Popijak, 2007 Recent Northwest Pacific - Taiwan WoRMS 472903
  128. Parasmittina spondylicola
    		129. Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Recent Lebanon WoRMS 470484
  129. Parasmittina subtubulata
    		130.  (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470413
  130. Parasmittina talismani
    		131. (Calvet, 1907) Recent Cape Verde WoRMS 470482
  131. Parasmittina tatianae
    		132.  Denisenko, 2015 Recent Arctic Chukotsk Sea WoRMS 884395
  132. Parasmittina telum
    		133.  (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Paleogene Oligocene Rupelian USA, Europe WoRMS 1412722
  133. Parasmittina triangularis
    		134. (Mawatari, 1952) Recent Japan WoRMS 470456
  134. Parasmittina trianguliforma
    		135. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Mexico WoRMS 470462
  135. Parasmittina trispinosa
    		136. (Johnston, 1838) Recent Europe WoRMS 111547
  136. Parasmittina trispinosa aomoriensis
    		137.  Kataoka, 1957 Neogene Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1414956
  137. Parasmittina trispinosa granosa
    		138.  (Canu & Bassler, 1929) Recent Pacific west Philippines WoRMS 1035398
  138. Parasmittina trispinosa macroavicularia
    		139.  (Androsova, 1958) Recent North Pacific - Sakhalin WoRMS 472718
  139. Parasmittina trispinosa nanshaensis
    		140.  Lu, 1991 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 472720
  140. Parasmittina tropica
    		141. (Waters, 1909) Recent Mauritius, W.Africa, Indonesia, Australia, Mediterranean WoRMS 111548
  141. Parasmittina trunculata
    		142.  Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470473
  142. Parasmittina tubula
    		143. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470409
  143. Parasmittina tubulata
    		144. Osburn, 1952 Recent California, Mexico WoRMS 470445
  144. Parasmittina turbula
    		145. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470408
  145. Parasmittina uncinata
    		146. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470432
  146. Parasmittina vacuramosa
    		147.  Lu, Nie & Zhong in Lu, 1991 Recent Indo-Pacific including Australia WoRMS 470469
  147. Parasmittina variabilis
    		148.  Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470466
  148. Parasmittina winstonae
    		149.  Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470464
Parasmittina alanbanneri Parasmittina areolata Parasmittina avicularissima Parasmittina circularis
Parasmittina alanbanneri
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina areolata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina avicularissima
(Thanks to Matt Dick)		 Parasmittina circularis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina crosslandi Parasmittina delicatula Parasmittina dolabrata Parasmittina emersoni
Parasmittina crosslandi Parasmittina delicatula Parasmittina dolabrata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina emersoni
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina hastingsae Parasmittina ilioensis Parasmittina kauaiensis Parasmittina leviavicularia
Parasmittina hastingsae
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina ilioensis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina kauaiensis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina leviavicularia
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina marsupialis Parasmittina parsevaliformis Parasmittina parsloeparsloei Parasmittina parviuncinata
Parasmittina marsupialis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina parsevaliformis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina parsloeparsloei -
A colour photograph by
Karen Gowlett-Holmes
is available.		 Parasmittina parviuncinata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina raigiformis Parasmittina serrula Parasmittina soulesi Parasmittina trianguliforma Parasmittina uncinata
Parasmittina raigiformis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina serrula
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina soulesi
(Thanks to Matt Dick)		 Parasmittina trianguliforma
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)		 Parasmittina uncinata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)

This information is based upon various sources, but little personal knowledge. I am indebted to the late Alan Horowitz for his compilation, and to Dr. J. Pachut.
I would be grateful for corrections to, or critical reviews of this information. This is not a 'final' version (an impossible ideal), but a working document.

Parasmittina page at NMITA

Parasmittina trispinosa at Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland.

Parasmittina jeffreysi at Atlas of Arctic Bryozoa - Piotr Kuklinski.
Parasmittina trispinosa at Atlas of Arctic Bryozoa - Piotr Kuklinski.

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Edited by Phil Bock
Modified on 3/1/2017
Modified on 14/9/2017 (3 species added)
Modified on 29/9/2018 (2 species added)
Modified on 30/6/2019 (Added P.cryptoavicularia)
Modified on 8/3/2020 (Added P.acondylata)
Modified on 14/6/2020 (Added WoRMS links)
Modified on 19/8/2020 (Moved P.cautela, P.marginata to Smittoidea)
This URL is http://bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/smittinidae/parasmittina.html