Parasmittina Osburn, 1952

Type species: Lepralia jeffreysi Norman, 1876

Synonyms Author Type Species
Alismittina Soule & Soule, 1964 Smittia californiensis Robertson, 1908

This genus includes the species:

  1. Parasmittina abrolhosensis
  2. Ramalho, Taylor. & Moraes, 2018 Recent West Pacific Brazil WoRMS 1299459
  3. Parasmittina acondylata
  4. Dick, Ngai & Doan, 2020 Recent South China Sea Vietnam WoRMS 1424310
  5. Parasmittina aculeata
  6. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west Solomon Is. WoRMS 470477
  7. Parasmittina acuta
  8. (Canu & Bassler, 1929) Recent West Pacific Philippines WoRMS 1035374
  9. Parasmittina alanbanneri
  10. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470430
  11. Parasmittina alaskensis
  12. Osburn, 1952 Recent Alaska WoRMS 470454
  13. Parasmittina alba
  14. Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2011 Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 573180
  15. Parasmittina aleutensis
  16. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Alaska WoRMS 387446
  17. Parasmittina alitis
  18. Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516121
  19. Parasmittina amazonensis
  20. Ramalho & Moraes, 2021 Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 1497610
  21. Parasmittina anderseni
  22. Cheetham & Sandberg, 1964 Holocene USA (Gulf of Mexico) WoRMS 422341
  23. Parasmittina aotea
  24. (Brown, 1952) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 470458
  25. Parasmittina areolata
  26. (Canu & Bassler, 1927) Recent Hawaii, Brazil, Belize, Mauritius(?) WoRMS 470410
  27. Parasmittina atypica
  28. (Powell, 1967) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 722987
  29. Parasmittina auris
  30. Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470478
  31. Parasmittina avicularissima
  32. Gontar, 1982 Recent North Pacific WoRMS 470458
  33. Parasmittina aviculifera
  34. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387447
  35. Phylactella aviculifera
    (Homonym)
  36. (d'Hondt, 1986) Recent New Caledonia WoRMS 1035376
  37. Parasmittina aviculoumbonata
  38. Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406219
  39. Parasmittina baccula
  40. Hayward & Winston, 2011 Recent Antarctic WoRMS 709373
  41. Parasmittina barbadensis
  42. Winston & Woollacott, 2009 Recent West Atlantic - Barbados WoRMS 534175
  43. Parasmittina betamorphaea
  44. Winston, 2005 Recent West Atlantic Caribbean WoRMS 422342
  45. Parasmittina bimucronata
  46. (Hincks, 1884) Recent Burma WoRMS 470459
  47. Parasmittina breli
  48. d'Hondt & Mascarell, 2010 Recent Marquesas Is. WoRMS 843203
  49. Parasmittina californica
  50. (Robertson, 1908) Recent California WoRMS 470461
  51. Parasmittina californiensis
  52. (Robertson, 1908) Recent USA California WoRMS 851529
  53. Parasmittina cheilodon
  54. (MacGillivray, 1869) Recent Southern Australia WoRMS 470426
  55. Parasmittina chikagawaensis
  56. Hayami, 1975 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406220
  57. Parasmittina circinanata
  58. Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470465
  59. Parasmittina circularis
  60. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470431
  61. Parasmittina collifera
  62. (Robertson, 1908) Recent California WoRMS 868579
  63. Parasmittina collum
  64. (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Paleogene Eocene Priabonian USA Carolinas WoRMS 1412720
  65. Parasmittina contraria
  66. Seo, 1992 Recent Korea WoRMS 470446
  67. Parasmittina crosslandi
  68. (Hastings, 1930) Recent
    Neogene
    East Pacific
    Central America
    WoRMS 422343
  69. Parasmittina crosslandi serrata
  70. Madihavan Pillai, 1981 Recent Indian Ocean WoRMS 472721
  71. Parasmittina cryptoavicularia
  72. Baradari, Nasrolahi & Taylor, 2019 Recent Persian Gulf WoRMS 1354164
  73. Parasmittina cyclops
  74. Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516122
  75. Parasmittina delicatula
  76. (Busk, 1884) Recent Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia WoRMS 470398
  77. Parasmittina dentigera
  78. Harmer, 1957 Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470415
  79. Parasmittina dependeo
  80. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470474
  81. Parasmittina distincta
    Ramalho, Taylor. & Moraes, 2018 Recent West Pacific Brazil WoRMS 1299458
  82. Parasmittina dolabrata
  83. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Galapagos, E.Pacific WoRMS 470441
  84. Parasmittina dubitata
  85. Hayward, 1980 Recent South Atlantic WoRMS 470425
  86. Parasmittina eccentrica
  87. Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516123
  88. Parasmittina echinata
  89. Canu & Bassler, 1928 Recent Gulf of Mexico WoRMS 422344
  90. Parasmittina egyptiaca
  91. (Waters, 1909) Recent Egypt WoRMS 470416
  92. Parasmittina emersoni
  93. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470434
  94. Parasmittina ensifera
  95. (Maplestone, 1909) Recent South Pacific - Gilbert Islands WoRMS 1035386
  96. Parasmittina erecta
  97. Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Recent Southwest Pacific WoRMS 470449
  98. Parasmittina exasperatrix
  99. d'Hondt, 1986 Recent New Caledonia WoRMS 470443
  100. Parasmittina exiguiuncinata
  101. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470470
  102. Parasmittina falciformis
  103. Farias, Vieira & Almeida, 2024 Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 1765264
  104. Parasmittina fistulata
  105. (Harmer 1957) Recent Indo-West Pacific, western Australia WoRMS 470399
  106. Parasmittina floridana
  107. Winston, 2005 Recent West Atlantic - Caribbean WoRMS 422345
  108. Parasmittina fraseri
  109. Osburn, 1952 Recent Mexico WoRMS 470455
  110. Parasmittina galerita
  111. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470404
  112. Parasmittina geometrica
  113. (Kirkpatrick, 1890) Recent South China Sea WoRMS 1035389
  114. Parasmittina glabra
  115. Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Recent Southwest Pacific WoRMS 470447
  116. Parasmittina glomerata
  117. (Thornely, 1912) Recent Indian Ocean WoRMS 220637
  118. Parasmittina gujaratica
  119. Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470481
  120. Parasmittina hanzawae
  121. Kataoka, 1960 Recent Japan WoRMS 470452
  122. Parasmittina harudiensis
  123. Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470479
  124. Parasmittina hastingsae
  125. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii, Vanuatu, Indonesia, Australia WoRMS 470400
  126. Parasmittina ilioensis
  127. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470440
  128. Parasmittina inalienata
  129. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470476
  130. Parasmittina indiginella
  131. Winston, 2016 Recent Northwest Atlantic USA Florida WoRMS 868519
  132. Parasmittina japonica
  133. (Ortmann, 1890) Recent Japan WoRMS 1035391
  134. Parasmittina jeffreysi
  135. (Norman, 1876) Recent Arctic WoRMS 111544
  136. Parasmittina johni
  137. Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Paleogene Eocene Lutetian India Gujarat WoRMS 470480
  138. Parasmittina kauaiensis
  139. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470438
  140. Parasmittina labellum
  141. Canu & Bassler, 1928 Recent Gulf of Mexico WoRMS 470444
  142. Parasmittina latiavicularia
  143. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius, GBR WoRMS 470405
  144. Parasmittina lavela
  145. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Colombia WoRMS 387448
  146. Parasmittina leviavicularia
  147. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470436
  148. Parasmittina ligulata
  149. (Ridley, 1881) Recent West Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 1765263
  150. Parasmittina ligulata (homonym)
  151. Di Martino, Rosso, and Taylor, 2025 Holocene Northwest Pacific Japan Okinawa WoRMS 1797473
  152. Parasmittina livingstonei
  153. (Powell, 1967) Recent New Zealand WoRMS 722988
  154. Parasmittina longirostrata
  155. Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470463
  156. Parasmittina loxa
  157. (Marcus, 1937) Recent Atlantic Ocean - St Helena WoRMS 1035392
  158. Parasmittina loxoides
  159. Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Recent Southwest Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 827638
  160. Parasmittina luteoserrula
  161. Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516152
  162. Parasmittina macginitiei
  163. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Alaska WoRMS 387449
  164. Parasmittina macphersonae
  165. Powell, 1967 Recent Southern Australia WoRMS 470427
  166. Parasmittina margaritata
  167. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470419
  168. Parasmittina marsupialis
  169. (Busk, 1884) Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470435
  170. Parasmittina masudai
  171. Hayami, 1975 Neogene Miocene-Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1406221
  172. Parasmittina mauritiana
  173. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470420
  174. Parasmittina mexicana
  175. Pouyet & Herrera-Anduaga, 1986 Recent Mexico WoRMS 422346
  176. Parasmittina multiaviculata
  177. Souto, Ramalhosa & Canning-Clode, 2016 Recent East Atlantic Madeira WoRMS 888472
  178. Parasmittina munita
  179. (Hincks, 1884) Recent Australia WoRMS 422347
  180. Parasmittina murarmata
  181. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470421
  182. Parasmittina nasuta
  183. (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indo-Pacific Indonesia WoRMS 470412
  184. Parasmittina natalensis
  185. O'Donoghue, 1957 Recent Indian Ocean South Africa WoRMS 470453
  186. Parasmittina nitida
  187. (Verrill, 1875) Recent S. Atlantic WoRMS 422348
  188. Parasmittina novella
  189. Hayward & Cook, 1983 Recent South Africa WoRMS 470429
  190. Parasmittina obstructa
  191. (Waters, 1889) Recent Australia WoRMS 470460
  192. Parasmittina oculinae
  193. Winston, 2016 Recent Northwest Atlantic USA Florida WoRMS 868520
  194. Parasmittina okadai
  195. Hayami, 1975 Neogene Miocene Japan WoRMS 1406222
  196. Parasmittina onychorrhyncha
  197. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470406
  198. Parasmittina ornata
  199. (Thornely, 1912) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470422
  200. Parasmittina ovilirata
  201. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470471
  202. Parasmittina papulata
  203. (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470414
  204. Parasmittina paradicei
  205. (Livingstone, 1926) Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470428
  206. Parasmittina parsevaliformis
  207. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470437
  208. Parasmittina parsevalii
  209. (Audouin, 1826) Recent Gulf of Suez WoRMS 111545
  210. Parasmittina parsloeparsloei
  211. Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent southern Australia WoRMS 470401
  212. Parasmittina parvitatis
  213. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470475
  214. Parasmittina parviuncinata
  215. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470433
  216. Parasmittina pectinata
  217. Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent southern Australia WoRMS 470402
  218. Parasmittina peristoaviculata
  219. Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pliocene-Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406223
  220. Parasmittina pinctatae
  221. Liu, 2001 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 470468
  222. Parasmittina plana
  223. Kataoka, 1961 Neogene Pleistocene Japan WoRMS 1406224
  224. Parasmittina projecta
  225. (Okada & Mawatari, 1937) Recent Japan WoRMS 470457
  226. Parasmittina protecta
  227. (Thornely, 1905) Recent West Africa, Indian Ocean WoRMS 220639
  228. Parasmittina proximoproducta
  229. Moyano, 1983 Recent Chile WoRMS 470451
  230. Parasmittina pugetensis
  231. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent NW USA WoRMS 387450
  232. Parasmittina pyriformis
  233. Seo, 2002 Recent Northwest Pacific - Korea WoRMS 387451
  234. Parasmittina raigiformis
  235. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470439
  236. Parasmittina raigii
  237. (Audouin, 1826) Recent Gulf of Suez WoRMS 111546
  238. Parasmittina raigioidea
  239. Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470467
  240. Parasmittina recidiva
  241. Hayward, 1988 Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470423
  242. Parasmittina regularis
  243. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387452
  244. Parasmittina rimula
  245. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470472
  246. Parasmittina rostriformis
  247. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470424
  248. Parasmittina rouvillei
  249. (Calvet, 1902) Recent Mediterranean WoRMS 221563
  250. Parasmittina saccoi
  251. (Canu, 1913) Neogene Miocene Burdigalian France WoRMS 1412721
  252. Parasmittina santacruzana
  253. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent California WoRMS 387453
  254. Parasmittina serrula
  255. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Pacific, Caribbean WoRMS 470407
  256. Parasmittina serruloides
  257. Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Recent Lebanon WoRMS 470483
  258. Parasmittina shibikawaensis
  259. Hayami, 1975 Neogene Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1406225
  260. Parasmittina simpulata
  261. Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Recent Southwest Atlantic Brazil WoRMS 827639
  262. Parasmittina solenosmilioides
  263. Hayward & Parker, 1994 Recent Australia, Indo-west Pacific WoRMS 470403
  264. Parasmittina soulesi
  265. Scholz & Cusi, 1993 Recent Indo-Pacific WoRMS 932838
  266. Parasmittina spathulata
  267. (Smitt, 1873) Recent Hawai’i WoRMS 422349
  268. Parasmittina spiculata
  269. Gluhak, Lewis & Popijak, 2007 Recent Northwest Pacific - Taiwan WoRMS 472903
  270. Parasmittina spondylicola
  271. Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Recent Lebanon WoRMS 470484
  272. Parasmittina subtubulata
  273. (Harmer, 1957) Recent Indonesia WoRMS 470413
  274. Parasmittina talismani
  275. (Calvet, 1906) Recent Cape Verde WoRMS 470482
  276. Parasmittina tatianae
  277. Denisenko, 2015 Recent Arctic Chukotsk Sea WoRMS 884395
  278. Parasmittina telum
  279. (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Paleogene Oligocene Rupelian USA, Europe WoRMS 1412722
  280. Parasmittina triangularis
  281. (Mawatari, 1952) Recent Japan WoRMS 470456
  282. Parasmittina trianguliforma
  283. Soule & Soule, 2002 Recent Mexico WoRMS 470462
  284. Parasmittina trispinosa
  285. (Johnston, 1838) Recent Europe WoRMS 111547
  286. Parasmittina trispinosa aomoriensis
  287. Kataoka, 1957 Neogene Pliocene Japan WoRMS 1414956
  288. Parasmittina trispinosa granosa
  289. (Canu & Bassler, 1929) Recent Pacific west Philippines WoRMS 1035398
  290. Parasmittina trispinosa macroavicularia
  291. (Androsova, 1958) Recent North Pacific - Sakhalin WoRMS 472718
  292. Parasmittina trispinosa nanshaensis
  293. Lu, 1991 Recent west North Pacific WoRMS 472720
  294. Parasmittina tropica
  295. (Waters, 1909) Recent Mauritius, W.Africa, Indonesia, Australia, Mediterranean WoRMS 111548
  296. Parasmittina trunculata
  297. Tilbrook, 2006 Recent Pacific west - Solomon Is. WoRMS 470473
  298. Parasmittina tubula
  299. (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Recent Mauritius WoRMS 470409
  300. Parasmittina tubulata
  301. Osburn, 1952 Recent California, Mexico WoRMS 470445
  302. Parasmittina turbula
  303. Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Recent Great Barrier Reef WoRMS 470408
  304. Parasmittina uncinata
  305. Soule & Soule, 1973 Recent Hawaii WoRMS 470432
  306. Parasmittina vacuramosa
  307. Lu, Nie & Zhong in Lu, 1991 Recent Indo-Pacific including Australia WoRMS 470469
  308. Parasmittina variabilis
  309. Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470466
  310. Parasmittina veniliae
  311. Winston & Jackson, 2021 Recent Caribbean Jamaica WoRMS 1516157
  312. Parasmittina winstonae
  313. Liu, 2001 Recent Northwest Pacific - China WoRMS 470464
Parasmittina alanbanneri Parasmittina areolata Parasmittina avicularissima Parasmittina circularis
Parasmittina alanbanneri
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina areolata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina avicularissima
(Thanks to Matt Dick)
Parasmittina circularis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina crosslandi Parasmittina delicatula Parasmittina dolabrata Parasmittina emersoni
Parasmittina crosslandi Parasmittina delicatula Parasmittina dolabrata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina emersoni
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina hastingsae Parasmittina ilioensis Parasmittina kauaiensis Parasmittina leviavicularia
Parasmittina hastingsae
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina ilioensis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina kauaiensis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina leviavicularia
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina marsupialis Parasmittina parsevaliformis Parasmittina parsloeparsloei Parasmittina parviuncinata
Parasmittina marsupialis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina parsevaliformis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina parsloeparsloei -
A colour photograph by
Karen Gowlett-Holmes
is available.
Parasmittina parviuncinata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina raigiformis Parasmittina serrula Parasmittina soulesi Parasmittina trianguliforma Parasmittina uncinata
Parasmittina raigiformis
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina serrula
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina soulesi
(Thanks to Matt Dick)
Parasmittina trianguliforma
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)
Parasmittina uncinata
(Thanks to Dr D. Soule)

This information is based upon various sources, but little personal knowledge. I am indebted to the late Alan Horowitz for his compilation, and to Dr. J. Pachut.
I would be grateful for corrections to, or critical reviews of this information. This is not a 'final' version (an impossible ideal), but a working document.

Parasmittina page at NMITA

Parasmittina trispinosa at Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland.

Parasmittina jeffreysi at Atlas of Arctic Bryozoa - Piotr Kuklinski.
Parasmittina trispinosa at Atlas of Arctic Bryozoa - Piotr Kuklinski.


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Edited by Phil Bock
Modified on 3/1/2017
Modified on 14/9/2017 (3 species added)
Modified on 29/9/2018 (2 species added)
Modified on 30/6/2019 (Added P.cryptoavicularia)
Modified on 8/3/2020 (Added P.acondylata)
Modified on 14/6/2020 (Added WoRMS links)
Modified on 19/8/2020 (Moved P.cautela, P.marginata to Smittoidea)
Modified on 29/3/2021 (Added P.amazonensis)
Modified on 20/6/2021 (Added 5 species)
Modified on 26/4/2022 (Corrected date for P.talismani - thanks to O. Reverter-Gil )
Modified on 12/8/2024 (Added P.ligulata, P.falciformis)
Modified on 11/2/2025 (Added P.ligulata)
This URL is http://bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/smittinidae/parasmittina.html